The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Case Study

Identifying Information Lorenzo Shakes Carcaterra was a boy from Hell’s Kitchen, New York, in the 1960’s. Shakes is of Italian decent and lives with his father and mother in a small apartment. Lorenzo’s father worked long hours for little pay and was quick to anger and used violence to control the household. Shakes witnessed the physical and emotional abuse of his mother. He never confronted his father, but always tried to play the peacekeeper between the two. Shakes mother was not fluent in English and had a hard time connecting to the community and her son. The trauma that Shakes went through because of the domestic violence shaped his psychological and social development. Shakes was a resilient kid and sought social support from three boys: Thomas Tommy Marcano, Michael Sullivan, John Reilly and various other men in his community. Character Development and Functioning One big support for Shakes was the local priest, Father Bobby. Shakes was able to connect with the priest and had a form of accountability. Shakes participated in the Church and had interest in becoming a priest because of the power in the role. Father Bobby keeps an eye on the boys and wants to prevent them from getting into crime of the community. Hell’s Kitchen is a community in Manhattan, aligning the Hudson River, was a blend of Irish, Italian, Puerto Rican, and Eastern European laborers. Hell’s Kitchen is a community of immigrants where men work really long hours and the women areShow MoreRelatedEffect of Domestic Violence on Children692 Words   |  3 PagesASSIGNMENT 1 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ID: S99003183; URIAM ROBATI ABSTRACT Domestic Violence has a great effect on children. Domestic violence also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse or child abuse is recognized as a pattern of abusive behavior by one or both partners especially those in marriage. This coercive behavior is used against another person to obtain power and control over the other party in a relationship. Domestic violence takes many forms such as physical violence which includesRead MoreChild Exposure to Domestic Violence1163 Words   |  5 PagesChild Exposure to Domestic Violence Introduction: Domestic Violence is any willful intimidations, sexual assault, physical assaults, or any other forms of physical or verbal violent behavior by one intimate partner towards another. Domestic Violence can create both psychological and emotional effects on both the intended victim and anyone that witnesses it to include children. Some children that witness domestic violence are experiencing serious effects that they have to deal with all theirRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Domestic Violence Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will be addressing the correlation that is between substance abuse and domestic violence. There are many factors that play a role in why domestic violence occurs in a home; this paper will be focusing on the factor of drug abuse in particularly. Early on in the course we learned that domestic violence does not only pertain to intimate partner violence but also to child abuse, elder abuse, and any other abuse of a person that occurs with inside the home. I will be providing researchRead MoreThe United States Department Of Justice Defines Domestic1466 Words   |  6 PagesJustice defines domestic violence as â€Å"a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another in timate partner.†(President’s Proclamation 2016). Domestic violence includes verbal, physical, sexual, or psychological attacks, even economic coercion. Bancroft et al. (2002 p.1)have claimed that 7 million or more children being exposed by acting of domestic violence each year in United States. Many of this cases are caused by witnessingRead More Domestic Violence in Canada1662 Words   |  7 PagesViolence has become prevalent within society; it is something the western world has learned to accept. With every minute that passes Canadians come face to face with certain acts of violence they may not have previously encountered (citation). Although, violence is not a subject that one can escape, women and children have unfortunately become the prime victims of violent acts. The media glorifies violence in other countries around the world it fails to address the presence of violence within CanadaRead MoreDomestic Violence : Violence Between Adult Intimate Partners1632 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence Introduction Domestic Violence isn t just hitting, or fighting, or an occasional mean argument. It s a chronic abuse of power. The abuser tortures and controls the victim by calculated threats, intimidation, and physical violence. Actual physical violence is often the end result of months or years of intimidation and control. Defining the problem: Domestic violence is violence between adult intimate partners. Though the definition above seems simple enough (it is widely acceptedRead MoreDomestic Violence and Children1640 Words   |  7 PagesDefinitions Domestic Violence Defined Citation: ARS: 13-3601 Domestic violence includes: • Any act that is a dangerous crime against children • Endangerment • Threatening or intimidating act • Assault • Custodial interference • Unlawful imprisonment or kidnaping • Criminal trespass • Harassment or stalking • Child or vulnerable adult abuse Persons Included in Definition: • A spouse or former spouse • Persons residing or having resided in the same household • Persons having a childRead MoreChildren s Witnessing Of Adult Domestic Violence1449 Words   |  6 PagesChildren’s Witnessing of Adult Domestic Violence A Summary of the Literature Mia-Tiara Hall HDFM 2533 April 24, 2015 Prairie View AM University Children witnessing adult domestic violence can be traumatizing. It places them in a temporary mindset of confusion of what’s actually taking place. Children have the mindset that home is a safe haven and that â€Å"Mommy† and â€Å"Daddy† are their protectors, their heroes to some. So it becomes strange to them when they see their mother and father involvedRead MoreDomestic Violence research proposal1573 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The purpose of this study is to see whether or not domestic violence causes a damaging affect on children. The study will included criminal justice students in College and the age range will be between 18 and 23 years old. The method is qualitative and will be an interview. Introduction Domestic violence can be defines as a pattern of behavior in any relationship that is used to gain or maintain power and control over an intimate partner. AbuseRead MoreThe Dangers Of Domestic Violence Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Domestic Violence Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the dangers of domestic violence and where to get help. Thesis Statement: Domestic violence is a crime that exist in all cultures, races, educational backgrounds and economic levels. Introduction Domestic violence is not just hitting or an occasional argument. It’s a mental abuse of power. The abuser tortures and control the victim by threats, intimidation, and physical violence. Around the world at least one

Smrt Buses Free Essays

Marketing CA Report 1 |No |Name ( as in IC / Passport) |IC / Passport Number |Telephone Number |Email Address | |1 |  Ker Shihan |F2880485R |98576248 |Sker002@mymail. sim. edu. We will write a custom essay sample on Smrt Buses or any similar topic only for you Order Now sg | SMRT Buses There are two types of environmental forces on SMRT buses, Macroenvironmental and Microenvironmental forces. For Macroenvironmental forces, the factors are Demographic, Economic, Natural, Technological, Political, Social and Cultural forces. For Microenvironmental forces, the factors are the company itself, suppliers, Marketing intermediaries, competitors, Publics and customers affect its ability to serve its customers. However, I will only be covering 2 of each Microenvironmental and Macroenvironmental forces. Introduction SMRT first started off in the year 1983, offering services such as Trains, Buses, and Taxis. From 1983 to 2003, SMRT buses were 2 different companies, namely, Trans Island Bus Services (TIBS) and SMRT. To increase competition of customers between local buses, 16 SBS services were given to TIBS (SMRT before merger). Operation of bus services in the north-east corridor was also offered to TIBS (SMRT before merger). In 1999, when TIBS (SMRT before merger) lost the offer to operate the north east line, TIBS and SMRT decided to merge to increase rails and buses synergy. SMRT then merged with TIBS in 2004. Microenvironmental Forces SMRT buses’ only has one competitor, the SBS Transit. SBS Transit monopolised the scheduled bus market share until SMRT was established in 1982. Now SBS Transit has about 265 bus services and daily ridership of over 2 million passengers, equivalent to 75% of scheduled bus market share. Compared to SMRT, with a daily ridership of over 730000 passengers, which is equivalent to 25% of scheduled bus market share. SMRT needs to observe their competitor to see what they are doing, find a way to counter their actions and then create a better competitive advantage. In doing so, SMRT can increase their scheduled bus market share and eventually monopolise the market. The other microenvironmental force affecting SMRT buses is their customers. To meet customers’ needs, passengers are constantly being observed. In the year 2010, SMRT introduced a new bus that is both elderly and wheelchair-friendly. The buses have steps that are low which allows the use of wheelchairs and at the same time enables swift and ease movement for passengers when moving to the rear of the bus. Also, the bus is quieter and vibrates lesser compared to buses used previously. This allows passengers to experience a smooth and comfortable ride when travelling long distances on buses. To create better competitive advantage over their competitors, SMRT opens feedback from passengers, wanting to know passengers’ opinions, so as to improve their bus services. Macroenvironmental Forces One of the Macroenvironmental forces affecting SMRT buses is the Social force. To make SMRT greener, the new bus as mentioned in the Microenvironmental force, are almost one ton lighter, compared to the older buses used. This improves both mileage and fuel efficiency by about 7%. This new bus has a passenger capacity of about 80 passengers and 1 passenger-in-wheelchair, which is almost the same as older buses. Also, harmful gases like Nitrous Oxide are converted to mostly Nitrogen and water vapour with the BlueTec ® SCR engine, thus making emission from the buses safer and cleaner. With all these new features, there will be lesser pollution, and thus creating a better image for SMRT. The other Macroenvironmental force affecting SMRT buses is the Economic force. Due to the recession in the year 2008, passenger’s spending power and patterns are affected. In September 2008, although in terms of percentage, the bus ridership is stable at 64%. However, the monthly bus ridership has decreased by more than 70000, from 23,788,000 passengers to 23,714,000 passengers. Even though there is a drop in passengers, SMRT is earning profits more than before the recession. Conclusion In conclusion, Microenvironmental and Macroenvironmental forces can affect a company in many ways. It may affect the company in both positive and negative ways. For example, from above, the economic force, during the recession even though there were lesser passengers, the profits earned still increased, but, if the number of passengers did not decrease, the profit will be higher. However, for the microenvironmental force, competitor, it may be a good and a bad thing. When there is competition, companies tend to improve their services to be better than each other. In a way, this creates a competitive advantage for the company who can meet more customers’ needs. References SGWiki (2011 February 26) The Year In Buses, Singapore, SGWiki (http://sgwiki. com/wiki/The_Year_in_Buses) (25/10/2011, 12:38) SBS (No Date) Bus Services, Singapore SBS (http://www. sbstransit. com. sg/transport/trpt_bus_overview. aspx) (25/10/2011, 12:41) SMRT Corporation Ltd(9 March 2010), SMRT INTRODUCES SOUTHEAST ASIA’S FIRST FULL LOW FLOOR EURO 5 BUS – PROVIDING GREATER ACCESSIBILITY FOR PASSENGERS, Singapore, SMRT Corp Ltd (http://www. mrt. com. sg/Upload/201031010315179993. pdf)( 23/10/2011, 20:38) Abhijit (2 November 2009, Monday), Six rail journeys for every 10 bus rides in Singapore, Singapore, PressRun (http://www. pressrun. net/weblog/2009/11/six-rail-journeys-for-every-10-bus-rides-in-singapore. html) (24/10/2011, 21:11) Seraphina Wee (22 October 2009), Mass Media Continues to Perform in Times of Downturn: NielsenConsumption of newspapers, te levision, cable, magazines, and radion have remained stable while the Internet saw considerable growth, How to cite Smrt Buses, Papers

Importance Of Regulation In Nursing Profession †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Importance Of Regulation In Nursing Profession. Answer: Introduction The nursing profession according to the Gallup poll for ethics and honesty as at December 19th2016, was ranked for its fifteenth times in a row as the most trusted profession in the word (Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council 2007). For the profession to have achieved such a milestone in its practices then we can deduce from the results of the poll that, the profession has acted within the set standards, guidelines and regulations (Currey, Considine, Khaw, 2011, p. 2275). Efficiency and effectiveness in the quality of service delivery can only be achieved when the individuals or organization work according to some set standards which then act as the threshold of establishing its performance goals and objectives. Nurses are mandated with the responsibility of protecting and optimization of health services, preventing and alleviating suffering among populations as well as advocating for care -for individuals, families, communities and the population (Johnstone 2016, p. 35). To achie ve this, there must be some professional standards and guidelines set by a professional governing body or a regulatory authority. This essay will focus on understanding the professional body that regulates nursing profession and guidelines, the importance of regulation and why the regulation is necessary to the nature of nursing work in Australia. The nursing profession, standards of practice, the professional code of ethics and conduct and the professional boundaries in Australia are regulated by the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council (ANMC). The council was established in 1992 with a purpose of designing an approach, nationally accepted to regulate both nursing and midwifery health practices (Scanlon 2012, p. 650). The council works also in conjunction with the state regulatory authority of Australia and other authorities such as the Nursing and Midwifery regulatory authority (NMRAs). On 1st July 2010, the nursing profession began also to be regulated by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), a body under the Australian Health Practitioner Regulatory Agency (AHPRA). It was previously governed by the state and territorial nursing regulatory authorities but on November 2nd, 2010 the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council became the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council (Driscoll 2012, P. 144). These bodies have all been regulating the competency standards which since creation, the standards have passed through a series of periodic revisions and reviews with the aim of maintaining the competency standards contemporary and relevant in accordance with the legislative requirements. The understanding of the competency standards of practice, the professional code of ethics and the professional boundaries regulating the healthcare providers in Australia will help us understand the importance of regulation in the nursing profession (Harris 2017, P. 26). The nursing and midwifery board of Australia has set competency standards and regulations in relation to different aspects of the nursing profession. Firstly, for the registered nurses, the registration requirements are mandatory for the nurses. A bachelor nursing degree is required or a post graduate diploma. These requirements ensure professional indemnity, the continuation of professional development, criminal history check and the regency of the practice. These act as regulations help in educating overseas who may be seeking to launch their nursing professional careers and work in Australia. The competency standards are also used by universities when developing nursing curricula, assessing students and evaluate graduate performance. They also help in making decisions regarding the professional conduct of the health care providers. The board has also set competency standards in relation to the professional practice of the nursing practitioners for registered nurses and the enrolled nurses in their publications of 1st June 2016, and 1st January 2016 respectively. The standards here relate to assessing the recipients of health care using diagnostic capability. The standards require nurses to conduct a comprehensive, relevant and a holistic health care assessment, they are also required to apply diagnostic and inductive reasoning when formulating their diagnoses. The standards also require the nurses to administer a planned care and engage others by translating and integrating evidence in planning the patient's care. They are also required to support others in order to enable their active participation in providing care. Nurses should put into consideration the quality use of medicines in planning for careand especially patients who need therapeutic interventions. And lastly, the nurses are required to refer and c onsult before making any care decisions in order to obtain optimal outcomes for the person receiving care. The importance of these regulations is to ensure that quality health care is provided to the recipients of health and that the well-being of the patients is given the first priority. Secondly, the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), has also set standards governing the professional boundaries of the healthcare practitioners and providers. In their publications of February 2010 and which took effect on 13th June 2013, nurses are required by these standards to maintain both their professional relationships as well as helping their colleagues and the people under their care in maintaining their boundaries. Boundaries, in this case, refer to the limits which protect the interaction or space between the nurses or health practitioners, power, and their clients vulnerability by guarding professional, therapeutic and personal relationships. The boundaries may be in form of boundary crossings, boundary violations which at times involves excessive disclosure of patients information, secrecy or even a reversal of roles and sexual misconducts in course of the practice. Research has provided that these violations can cause distress among the recipients of health care. The regulations by the nursing board, therefore, are important as they ensure professional behavior is maintained when carrying out health care provisions. They also provide a guideline for law enforcement or for legal actions against the individual found guilty of the behaviors. They control the relationships between the professionals and recipients of health care and promote healthy relationships as well as providing an enabling environment for administering health care. Lastly, the board has also provided regulations to the code of professional conduct in its publication of August 2008 and which took effect in May 2013. The regulation requires that nurses should conduct their practices in accordance with the state regulations and above all the standards of their profession and the global health systems. These standards relate to the safety and quality of healthcare been provided and making known any unethical or unlawful practices to the appropriate authority or persons (Kangasniemi, Pakkanen, Korhonen 2017, P. 1744). The standards also ensure that health care is provided in a competent and safe manner by ensuring that only activities within the scope of the nursing profession are carried out. Information relating to nurse care and healthcare products should be provided in an impartial, honest and accurate way possible. Trust and privileges inherent in relationships between nurses and the people receiving care have also been entrusted to the nurses to promote and preserve (Currey, Considine, Khaw 2017, 178). And lastly, the nurses are required to build and maintain the trust and confidence of the community in the nursing profession. These regulations are thus important as they promote the quality of health services provide, build an understanding between the management and the health care providers, boost the trust and confidence of the community with the nurses and generally promote the well-being of the population. Without such regulation then there would be a lot of problems related to lack of quality and effective health care provision not only to the people receiving the health care. The problems related to lack of regulations to the nursing profession and practices brings us to the question of why it is necessary to regulate nursing practices in relation to the nature of their work. The nurses and healthcare recipients are exposed to a number of risks associated with the hospital environments. These environments pose biological, physical, chemical and psychological risks to the people around the environments according to (Janete Porto may, 2016). Therefore, the regulation ensures and promotes the safety of both the nurses and the people receiving health care. According to Baines and Sykes (2014) denotes that regulations govern the measures and compensation in case any of the staff gets an accident during the course of his or her work, which boosts the nurses confidence and morale during their health practice. The regulations serve also as tools for assessing the performance of the health care practitioners and the nurses. Without the regulations, it would be difficult to measure the quality of health care been administered in healthcare centers (Holder Schenthal 2017, P. 25). Acting upon the established standards and regulations can be concluded from the Gallup poll as one of the factors which contributed to the findings and ranking of the nursing profession as the most trusted profession for its fifteenth time. The nursing profession also poses a risk of differences in belief systems and practices which may hinder the provision of health care. It is upon these regulations that appropriate measures are taken which help in decision making and reduce conflict and misunderstanding among the health professionals, the individuals, and the community. Regulations such as those of professional boundaries are necessary for establishing the professional and therapeutic relationships. Conclusion Research from the findings above, therefore, shows nursing profession as a very important and critical; regulation of the nursing practices provides a platform for practicing quality healthcare, performance measure and promotion of nursing profession. The regulation also helps in maintaining the standards of working among the practitioners and health care providers. The regulatory authorities and the state should ensure the standards and regulations are adhered to for effective service delivery in the nursing profession. The nurse practitioners and all health care providers should maintain the standards as they guide their behavior and conduct both at work and outside their work environment. This will boost the confidence and trust of the community and the society at large towards the nursing profession. References Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council 2007, National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse, (ANMC),Canberra. Available at: www.anmc.org.au. Accessed:19 March 2008. Baines, C, Sykes, P 2014, 'Professional capability within the Australian hyperbaric nursing workforce', Australian Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 32, 2, pp. 6-13, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 April 2017. Currey, J, Considine, J, Khaw, D 2011, 'Clinical nurse research consultant: a clinical and academic role to advance practice and the discipline of nursing', Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 67, 10, pp. 2275-2283, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 April 2017. Driscoll, K. (2012), 'National nursing registration in Australia: A way forward for nurse practitioner endorsement', Journal Of The American Academy Of Nurse Practitioners, 24, 3, pp. 143-148, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 April 2017. Harris, L 2017, 'Professional boundaries and competence', Practice Nurse, 33, 7, pp. 26-30, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 April 2017.

The !Kung Bushman Essays - San People, , Term Papers

The !Kung Bushman Most contemporary foraging groups, such as the !Kung and other Bushman tribes, are viewed as a ?primitive? people. Some have even gone as far to say that they are ?the last representatives of the stone age.? While it is true that these people have the most similar culture to what we believe primitive persons to have had, the analogies they can provide us with the people of the past are very inaccurate. These comparisons are so unrivaled due to factors such as time and the wrong sense of view many people have on them. Another reason that we cannot compare the !Kung of today to the people of the past is because they are now advancing in society with the use of technology. I believe that the !Kung tribe is not comparable to the early people of their culture and that they are just the same as us minus our technology, which in no way makes them ?primitive' people. First of all, every culture varies in traditions over time. According to Shostak, it is true that the !Kung people still have traditions that have been passed down for hundreds of generations such as their poison arrows, their trance ritual, their wide knowledge of over five hundred species of plants and animals?knowing which are edible, harmful, cosmetic, and medical. Who are we to say that these traditions have not been altered in the past ten thousand years? Howell declares that the !Kung were a very studied group including their language, culture, and economic organization. Although they have been extensively studied, Howell also proclaims, ?It is surely illegitimate to use them as though they are the prototypical hunter-gatherers, knowledge of whom tells us all we need to know in order to apply the ethnographic analogy to models of prehistoric life.? Wild, maniac, unsophisticated, uneducated, vulgar?these are all words that come to mind when I think of prehistoric or primitive. Obviously the !Kung tribe have grown with the rest of society. How are we to say what the differences of prehistoric life was to the modern day !Kung tribes? Human error would play a huge role in our ?assumptions? of the !Kung. For example, we might turn around to be just as wrong as the article of the Nacirema. Obviously, there is already a misconception about the bushman. For example, in McNeil's essay, he comments on how a woman was speaking to a bushman and demanded to see one. When he explained to her that he was indeed a bushman she said, ?No, a wild bushman, with a tail.? Lee states that the bushman represent ?the basic human adaptation stripped of the accretions and complications brought about by agriculture, urbanization, advanced technology, and national and class conflict?all of the ?advances' of the last few thousand years.? Lee is being very e thnocentric in this statement. He is basing our technology on the !Kung lifestyle. Webster Dictionary states technology as ?a manner of accomplishing a task especially using technical processes, methods, or knowledge.? According to this definition, the !Kung have a very advanced technology. They have proven that they can accomplish tasks using very precise processes, methods, and vast knowledge. It is not ?our' technology, but they have proved that they do not need ours to survive. It is their own form of living, which makes them a unique, separate culture. This in no way makes them animal like, wild, or undomesticated. In fact, the bushman have developed techniques that are obviously creditable due to the fact that they survived this way for so long. In addition, they have the same kinship-if not stronger-than our own. They can handle disputes without a leader and are very fond of working together as a team. In this aspect, they don't need our methods of living. Our methods though, is exactly what the !Kung are getting involved in. According to Howell, most bushman are settled on ?settlement stations? with European farmers and cattlemen. They also speak several languages, use store bought clothing, food, electronics, and inoculations. They attend school and experience taxes, jail, even subordination. This ?arrival? to what we consider the modern world is completely changing the culture of the !Kung, and at the same time one more reason

Punctuation Saves Lives!

Punctuation Saves Lives! Punctuation Saves Lives! Punctuation Saves Lives! By Daniel Scocco Its Saturday, so instead of our usual writing tip well have some fun. The image below appeared on Deborah Ngs Google+ (Googles social network) stream yesterday. Nice huh? For those who cant see the image, the first line says: Lets eat grandma!. The second line says: Lets eat, grandma!. And the conclusion: Punctuation saves lives!. If you have similar images about the English language and want to see them featured on the blog you can send them to info@dailywritingtips.com. We might make this a regular column. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesDo you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?Quiet or Quite?

Tristan da Cunha

Tristan da Cunha Located about midway between Cape Town, South Africa and Buenos Aires, Argentina lies what is often referred to as the worlds most remote inhabited island - Tristan da Cunha. Tristan da Cunha is the primary island of the Tristan da Cunha island group, consisting of six islands at approximately 37Â °15 South, 12Â °30 West. Thats about 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) west of South Africa in the South Atlantic Ocean. The other five islands in the Tristan da Cunha group are uninhabited, save for a manned meteorological station on the southernmost island of Gough. In addition to Gough, located 230 miles SSE of Tristan da Cunha, the chain includes Inaccessible at 20 miles (32 km) WSW, Nightingale 12 miles (19 km) SE, and Middle and Stoltenhoff islands - both just off the coast of Nightingale. The total area for all six islands amounts to a mere 52 mi2 (135 km2). The Tristan da Cunha islands are administered as part of the United Kingdoms colony of Saint Helena (1180 miles or 1900 km to the north of Tristan da Cunha). The circular island of Tristan da Cunha is approximately 6 miles (10 km) wide with a total area of 38 mi2 (98 km2) and a coastline of 21 miles. The island group lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and was created by volcanic activity. Queen Marys Peak (6760 feet or 2060 meters) on Tristan da Cunha is an active volcano that last erupted in 1961, causing the evacuation of Tristan da Cunhas residents. Today, just under 300 people call Tristan da Cunha home. They live in the settlement known as Edinburgh that lies on the flat plain on the north side of the island. The settlement was named in honor of Prince Alfred, the Duke of Edinburgh, upon his visit to the island in 1867. Tristan da Cunha was named for Portuguese sailor Tristao da Cunha who discovered the islands in 1506 and although he was unable to land (the island of Tristan da Cunha is surrounded by 1000-2000 foot/300-600 meter cliffs), he named the islands after himself. The first inhabitant of Tristan da Cunha was American Jonathan Lambert of Salem, Massachusetts who arrived in 1810 and renamed the islands the Islands of Refreshment. Unfortunately, Lambert drowned in 1812. In 1816 the United Kingdom claimed and began to settle the islands. A handful of people were joined by the occasional shipwreck survivor over the next few decades and in 1856 the islands population was 71. However, the next year starvation caused many to flee leaving a population of 28 on Tristan da Cunha. The islands population fluctuated and eventually rose to 268 before the island was evacuated during the eruption of 1961. The evacuees went to England where some died due to the harsh winters and some women married British men. In 1963, almost all of the evacuees returned since the island was safe. However, having tasted the life of the United Kingdom, 35 left Tristan da Cunha for Europe in 1966. Since the 1960s, the population swelled to 296 in 1987. The 296 English-speaking residents of Tristan da Cunha share a mere seven surnames - most of the families have a history of being on the island since the early years of settlement. Today, Tristan da Cunha includes a school, hospital, post office, museum, and a crayfish canning factory. The issuance of postage stamps is a major source of revenue for the island. The self-supporting residents fish, raise livestock, make handicrafts, and grow potatoes. The island is visited annually by RMS St. Helena and more regularly by fishing vessels. There is no airport or landing field on the island. Species not found anywhere else in the world inhabit the island chain. Queen Marys Peak is shrouded by clouds most of the year and snow covers its peak in the winter. The island receives an average of 66 inches (1.67 meters) of rain each year.

Comparison of the Role and Powers of the OMB to the CBO Essay

Comparison of the Role and Powers of the OMB to the CBO - Essay Example The conclusions made by CBO are generally not challenged though many scrutinies are done. Therefore, the services of CBO can be categorized into four areas. Firstly is helping the congress formulate a budget plan. Secondly is to help the budget process stay in the plan. Thirdly is to help assess the impact of federal mandates. Finally contributes to consider issues related to economic policy and budget. The office is purely analytical and is not involved in bill writing, conduct audits, enforce budget rules, or implement regulations (Dewhirst & Rausch, 2007). The overlap of CBO and OMB Both OMB and CBO are involved in scoring legislation costs. This includes the appropriation and direct spending included in authorization bills. Budget committees have the responsibility for determining the scoring effects of legislation for enforcement by congress. However, the budget committees rely on CBO estimate during congressional consideration of individual bill so that consistency with the budget resolution is achieved. The President utilizes estimates of OMB to determine the cost of budget-related legislation. OMB explains the differences or reconciles the two sets of discretionary estimates. The difference between OMB and CBO The difference between OMB and CBO lies on their roles and powers. The CBO is a legislative agency that is involved in advising the congress on the general budget matters. The first and foremost agency that is accountable to congress specifically the Budget Committees.

Federal regulations and federal agencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federal regulations and federal agencies - Essay Example Banerjee (2009) explains that despite research being the basis of the industry’s product development, pharmaceutical companies still spend more than twice on marketing as much as they spend on research and development. This establishes a motivation into ethical manners such as corporate social responsibility that is likely to develop associations with consumers and establish a competitive edge into profitability. Consumers would appreciate the responsible initiatives and prefer organizations’ products for their social actions and increased sales volume, into higher profits, over competitors would be the consequence. The fear possible and unfavorable legal regulations should organizations fail to act ethically is another reason for my belief that pharmaceutical company would consider ethical manners, even in the absence of legal rules. Legal regulations may induce mandatory cost of compliance that would otherwise be avoided. Failure to comply with legal regulations, even if it is accidental, may attract monetary policies, unlike failure to comply with moral rules and in order to avoid possibility of such fines and possible deregistration, pharmaceutical companies would prefer to operate ethically (Lamb, Hair, and McDaniel, 2011). Profit motive and the need to avoid legal regulation would therefore dictate ethical

The Resistivity of Wires Essay Example for Free

The Resistivity of Wires Essay Introduction Anthony Gullan Physics Coursework An Investigation to Find the Resistivity of Wires The Experiment The experiment that was used to obtain the results was very simple. The voltage and current were measured whilst varying the length of wire. The results for voltage and current were recorded along with the diameter of the wire. This allowed for a range of other values to be calculated, including cross-sectional area and resistivity. image00. png. The Equipment A power supply A voltmeter and an Ammeter A jockey A micrometer A 1 meter ruler Wire Connecting cables What is Resistivity? The resistance of a conductor depends on three factors: The material The size of material (eg length) The temperature The equation for Resistance is: R = ? l A In this equation the constant is called resistivity, ?. This is governed by the nature of the material and is affected by temperature. Resistivity varies for different materials, but stays constant for a given material. Below is a table illustrating a few materials resistivity. The equation for resistivity therefore is: ? = RA L The units for resistivity are ? m (ohm-metres). Conductivity The opposite of resistivity is conductivity. This can be calculated by using this formula: ? = 1/? The units are ? -1m-1. Predictions I think that the results that I work out will show these patterns: As the length increases the resistance will also increase – there is more wire resulting in more energy needed for the same results As the Cross-Sectional Area increases the resistance will decrease – the wire is ‘wider’ resulting in more electrons being able to flow at any one timeThis graph is a straight diagonal line. This shows that Resistance and Length are directly proportional. In other words if one value increases by a certain amount then the other value will increase by a proportional amount. Although in this experiment there are a few anomalies, caused either by technical problems or through human error, this graph shows a strong picture of the relationship between length and resistance of a wire. Resistance against Area and 1/Area Resistance (? ) o start with I will analyse Resistance against 1/Area. This graph shows that the cross-sectional area and the resistance of a wire are inversely proportional. At first the shape of the graph suggests that the two values are directly proportional. However, as the area is displayed as 1/area this makes it inversely proportional. This is because the equation for something that is inversely proportional is: A ? 1/B, or in this case Resistance ? 1/Area read more. Conclusion From the data I have made three observations: The length of the wire has a proportional effect on the resistance of the wire The cross-sectional are is inversely proportional to the resistance of the wire The length of the wire divided by the area of the wire and the resistance of a wire are proportional. Having plotted a graph of these values the resistivity of the wire can be found out by calculating the gradient of the line. These observations can also be written as: R ? L R ? 1/A ? = RA/L Evaluation I think that the results that were obtained were good. There were a few anomalies in the graph, however these did not seem to affect the calculations too much. The graphs that I could produce with the data showed how each aspect was related to the others. The experiment used to calculate the results could have been better. For example, more readings could have been taken – i. e. every 5cm. However with the data I was given it was possible to show the relations between resistance, length, cross-sectional area and resistivity. read more. This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section. Found what youre looking for? Start learning 29% faster today 150,000+ documents available Just ? 6. 99 a month Get Full Access Now or Learn more Not the one?

I and Thou Essay -- Essays Papers

I and Thou What exactly is a soul mate? What does this mean, and how do we know if we have found the one we are supposed to live with for the rest of our lives? Is it an instant feeling that you have for another, or is it an instant response and action you have with another? Martin Buber spent much of his life determining questions such as this, yet in a more concise manner. Buber focused on the relationship of man with man and what it ought to be, or perhaps could be. "The relation can obtain even if the human being to whom I say You does not hear it in his experience. For You is more than It knows. No deception reaches this far: here is the cradle of actual life" ( Buber, 1970, p.59). This quote comes from Martin Buber's book I and Thou and is, in essence, connected to his Theory of Dialogue. In class we briefly went over Buber's definition of dialogue and his explanations of an I-Thou dialogue versus an I-It monologue. However, Buber's Theory of Dialogue is the foundation of his theory of hu man existence. intimacy. The I-Thou dialogue is the definition of intimacy. In this paper I will be addressing Buber's Theory of Dialogue and the applications his theory has on every human being's intimate relationships. I will apply Buber's theory to my personal situation and critique the theory's strengths and weaknesses. I will also explain how this theory relates to humanistic and scientific standards, and ultimately explain the significance of Buber's theory. First, it is necessary to receive some sort of comprehension on the different dimensions of Buber's theory. There are two main dimensions that Buber writes about. The preferable relationship, according to Buber, is the I-Thou relationship. Yet, in order to have the I-Thou rel... ... to be this way: that is what choice is for. All in all, I respect Buber's theories and hope to live up to them the best way that I can. I would like to end with a simple quote from Buber (1970) that, I feel, is inspirational considering the argued difficulties of his theories: Believe in the simple of magic of life, in service in the universe, and it will dawn on you what this waiting, peering, 'stretching of the neck' of the creature means. Every word must falsify; but look, thing beings live around you, and no matter which one you approach you always reach Being ... all actual life is encounter (p.67). References Buber, M. (1970). I and Thou. (W. Kaufmann, Trans.). New York: Charles Scribners's Sons. (original work never published in U.S.: written in 1937) Friedman, M. (1960). Martin Buber, The Life of Dialogue. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Research Analysis: ‘Adult Drug Courts’

The General Accountability Office (GAO) did the study on Adult Drug Courts. GAO is an agency, operating independently and without any partisan agenda, that works for the U.S. Congress. Its role is to investigate how the federal government appropriates public revenue to aid Congress in deciding over approval of the budget allocation of the federal government and ensure the accountability of the federal government for approved budget allocation.The drug court programs that started in the latter part of the 1980s (GAO 1) comprise one area of budget allocation by the federal government. The purpose of the drug court programs is to prevent recidivism of inmates involved in drug-related crimes. This served as a solution to the exploding prison population and escalating costs to the criminal justice system.The federal government commenced awards or grants to these programs in 1994 through the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act.By September of 2004, there were already 1,200 progra ms established in the different states and 500 more programs are in the planning stage. (GAO 1) GAO conducted the study to determine the achievement of the purpose of the federal awards by considering the outcomes of drug court programs as mandated by the appropriations authorization law for the Department of Justice (GAO 2).The independent and non-partisan character of GAO as well as conducting the evaluations based on a legal mandate contributed to the objectivity of the results.What was the study about?The study is a systematic evaluation of previous researches done on drug court programs. GAO initially selected 117 studies assessing drug court programs conducted between May 1997 and January 2004 that made reports on recidivism, relapse of drug use, and outcomes of program completion (GAO 2). Of this number, GAO selected 27 studies that compared a group undergoing the drug court program and a group not part of any drug court program.Five of the 27 studies were experiments with an experimental and control groups with members assigned at random. The 27 studies covered 39 drug court programs for adults. (GAO 9-10) The aim of the GAO evaluation was to obtain systematically information on drug court programs, specifically the components of drug court programs, the outcomes of these programs, and costs of these programs.The evaluation also conducted a cost-benefit analysis of 8 studies providing information on costs and benefits. Four of the 8 studies even enabled the determination of net benefits. (GAO 9-10)To augment the evaluation of studies on drug court programs, GAO also interviewed key respondents from three government agencies with direct involvement in the implementation of the drug court programs, including the Department of Justice, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and Office of National Drug Control Policy (GAO 3).The combined evaluations and interviews supported conclusions based on multiple perspectives of the effectiveness of drug court programs t o aid legislative decision-making.What is the time-period of the study?The evaluation commenced in October 2003 and concluded in February 2005 in compliance with auditing standards (GAO 3). Although the research process involved a period of 1 year and 4 months, the study is a cross-sectional study because the focus is results over a given period, specifically studies done between May 1997 and January 2004 and interviews over the operations of drug court programs during the same period.The evaluation did not intend to trace developments in drug court programs or study specific individuals involved in drug court programs over an extended period. Doing cross-sectional study allows the comparative and collative evaluation of studies on drug court programs. However, this also creates the limitation of the results by not covering developmental issues or problems emerging from the programs.What is the research design of the study (planning)?The research design employed in the evaluative st udy is the mixed methods research that integrates both quantitative and qualitative aspects to derive better results when compared to using only one aspect or the other. The mixed method research requires the derivation of both quantitative and qualitative data and integrative analysis of both types of data.The study by GAO collected quantitative data by using statistical analysis of the data derived from the 27 studies. The presentation of results was through comparative and summative tables. It also derived qualitative data based on the results of the 27 studies and interviews with three government agencies (GAO 3) directly involved in the implementation of the programs. The presentation of results was through tables and text discussions.The planning of the evaluative study by GAO involved secondary research and interviews as data collection techniques. Secondary research is a three-stage process. First stage is searching for studies on drug court programs from research databases using key words such as drug court program and recidivism as well as drug court websites of research institutions or organizations that are likely to have made studies on drug court programs.GAO also considered previous studies it made on drug court programs. It also requested for drug court studies from research agencies. Second stage is review of the studies found to determine those that qualify for its criteria of study coverage including recidivism, drug use, and program completion.Third stage is in-depth review to determine the studies that employed group comparison methods such as those using experiment and control groups in experiment and quasi-experiments, which employed either historical comparison group or contemporaneous comparison group (GAO 17). The studies selected also employed a number of statistical methods to address individual differences and allow for comparison and collation as well as address selection bias (GAO 19).Interviews with three agencies yielded backgr ound information on the drug court programs including the characteristics of the drug court programs and the participants of these programs. (GAO 9-10) The analytical techniques also combined statistical with document or text analysis.The combination of data collection methods and use of multiple analyses addressed selection bias arising from differences in the methodological approaches of the studies evaluated and derivation of as much information as available to support generalizations.What are the results of the study?The results of the study had strong and weak points. These showed reduction in recidivism during the course of the program, lower percentage of re-arrests or re-convictions for participants of the program relative to non-participants, there was also relatively lower re-arrests or re-conviction across program participants, recidivism reduction was uniform regardless of the severity of the drug-related offence.However, there was no conclusive data to support the link between specific characteristics of the program to within-program recidivism. Recidivism rates within one-year after program completion were similar with recidivism during the program to indicate maintained low level of recidivism. (GAO 5-6) However, this only covers the immediate year following program completion.Data on drug use during the program was inconclusive. Drug tests showed a decline but self-reported use indicated no change (GAO 6). This could be due to the limitation of drug testing as the means of determining drug use within the program. This could also be due to methodological issues such as insufficient data or lack of comparative measures.Completion rates that depended on compliance with activities and responsibilities varied between 27 to 66 percent. Factors such as age and severity of offence are explanations of the variance in completion rates with older participants more inclined to complete the program. (GAO 6) There were no definitive explanations for the vari ance in completion rates.Cost benefit analysis showed a greater cost per individual program participant when compared to cost per individual non-participant of the program. Results of four studies covering seven drug court programs indicated net benefits because of the decline in recidivism that meant decline in costs to the judicial system and avoidance of costs to potential victims of recidivism.Nevertheless, these did not consider indirect benefits. Only two drug court programs reported actual data on cost savings of the criminal justice system. (GAO 6-7) More data is necessary to support generalizations on the comparative costs and benefits of drug court programs.What are opinions of the study?The study holds beneficial value but it also has limitations. Its beneficial value comes from providing an overview of the state of knowledge over the effectiveness of drug court programs. Decline in recidivism, at least during the program and one-year immediately following program complet ion, reflected the extent of effectiveness of drug court programs.Some of the drug court programs also led to financial net benefits. This implies the contribution of the drug court programs in lowering drug-related recidivism. As such, Congress could decide to continue approving federal appropriations to drug court programs.However, the study also has limitations as a preliminary study that requires follow-ups. The use of secondary research meant that data relied on the results of existing studies, which is not sufficient to inform on the overall effectiveness of drug court programs.The use of interviews provided characteristics of the drug court programs and the participants but was underutilized. The interviews could have yielded more data such as on implementation issues, best practice, areas for improvement, and other pertinent information to support the evaluation.Work CitedGovernment Accountability Office (GAO). Adult Drug Courts: Evidence Indicates RecidivismReductions and M ixed Results for Other Outcomes. Washington, DC: GAO,

Of Mice And Men: Symbolism Essay

In the novel, of mice and men, theer was symbolizm throughout the story. In the beginning of the novel the stting was perfect, like â€Å"The Garden of Eden†. LIke in â€Å"The Garden of Eden† there was a snake, and in this novel it slipped across the water sggestin possible evil to come. The rabbits on the other hand symoloized Lenny’s joy and goodness, and formed the bases of his dreams. In the beginning Of Mice and Men, the story began looking like a perfect world. The author describes the setting as a wonderful place where â€Å"willows fresh and green with every spring: .(p.1) the perfect world resembles : The garden of Eden†, how everything was in place and the surroundin was in paradise.† ON the sandy bank under the trees the leaves lie †¦.among them†.(p.1) It was a wonderful place to be, because the setting is peaceful and no evil or wrond doing is happening. The snimals do not live in fear because the setting is perfect and it sounds accomadating to everyone and everything. All thought the setting was perfect in the beginning, there must be evil to come. As the snake was in â€Å"The garden of Eden† as a form of evil, there should be a form of evil to come further in the story. Teh form of evin that appars in the setting is a snake. The snake also appeared in â€Å"The garden of Eden†, and if so tehre must be some sort of evil to come. When the snake slipped across the pool, it examined the scene like a submarine would when hunting down itz prey. The snake must of picked it’s target, like a submarine would. â€Å"a water snake alipped along on the pool, it’s head held up like a little periscope†.(p.7) And that someone that the snake targeted must have been Lenny, because he dies at the end of the story. As the snake slipped across the pool â€Å"the reeds jerked slightly in the current†. (p.7)When the snake moved across the pool and the reeds started to jerk, symbolizing the peaceful world being disrupted by an evil form. Moreover, the snake symbolizes evil and the negative energy in the story, but the dreams of rabbits and the farm, they symbolize good and bring positive energy to the story and Lenny’s mind. Teh rabbits in the story symbolize Lenny’s innocent side. They also are a positive enery in the story. When the setting was described in the  beginning, the rabbit appeared showing that they are a positive energy. â€Å"Rabbits comout of the brush to sit on the sand in the evening†.(p.1)Also the rabbits are a symbol of Lenny’s innocent side, because the rabbits do not mean to harm anyone but only are there to comfort Lenny’s caring side. The rabbits were also in Lenny’s dream of teh farm. All he wanted to do was to tend to the rabbits on the fam. â€Å"And I get to tend the rabbits†.(p.105)The dream of having a farm and rabbits was what drove Lenny in life. And when George would describe the farm again and again Lenny would become happy inside, and would picture the farm in his head. Nevertheless, Lenny’s dreams did not come true/was he dead at the end, of the story. In conclusion, symbolism is used throughout the whole story, And â€Å"The garden of Eden† was a perfect world and so was the setting until the snake appeared. The snake was a form of evil and he disrpted the setting with his presence. The dream of the farm and tending to the rabbits was a wonderful dream, where Lenny’s imagination would go to when George told him of the farm.

170208- denature, enzyme , metabolism , substrate Essays - Chemistry

170208- denature, enzyme , metabolism , substrate Essays - Chemistry 170208- denature, enzyme , metabolism , substrate , synthesis list three food stuffs humans have used to prepare Cells at work Living cells Although different cells carry out different specialized functions, the same basic processes are carried out by cells. They must obtain nutrients, manufacture materials for growth and repair, provide energy for movement and metabolism and eliminate wastes. The activities of cells require a variety of biological molecules to be produced and assembled into new organelles or used for repair. Specific proteins called enzymes catalyze and precisely regulate these processes and other processes such as respiration that keeps cells alive. Enzymes: biological catalysts -Catalyst: Substance that change the rate of a reaction (almost always by speeding it up) -Make a reaction take place more often -Are needed in small amounts and are neither reactants nor products -Do not change the direction of a reaction or the amount of the product -Can catalyse a reaction either way - most reversible Enzymes Acts as a catalyst for chemical reaction in the body, speeding up to 1 million times Are specific - each enzyme catalyses only one type of reaction The substrate with which an enzyme catalyses only one type of reaction The substrate with which an enzyme acts has a shape that fits with enzymes active site - LOCK_AND_KEY MECHANISM 38798553467000Recent evidence INDUCED_FIT MECHANISM - interaction with substrate and enzyme, changes shape to make good fit Rate of enzyme action and temperature 0-63500pH changes in pH may not only effect the shape of an enzyme but it may also change the shape or charge properties of the substance so that either the substrate cannot bind to the active site.

The Lost Art of Effective Procrastination

The Lost Art of Effective Procrastination Amending My Ways A couple of weeks ago, my assistant Jeanne requested that I stop sending her the copy for my blog articles on Sunday night or sometime on Monday, when I need her to publish it on Monday night. I’ve been writing my blogs on Sundays for 5 years, which worked fine when I was the one posting and distributing them. But now that another person’s schedule is at issue, I need to change my ways. This Friday, in an attempt to please Jeanne,  I squeezed  in my  blog in  the last minutes before heading  off to Breitenbush Hot Springs (near Portland, OR), where I had no  internet access (gasp) for 24 hours. Yup.  I left blog writing  to the last minute. I don’t procrastinate about a lot of work-related projects. In fact, I tend to err on the side of doing things right away so I don’t have to worry about them later! But in the case of my blog, I did so revel in a weekend of not knowing what I’d write about and being (mostly) at peace with that as Sunday night approached. So far, I have always thought of something to write about before deadline. I see the advantage of moving my deadline to Friday: I now don’t have the nagging thought, â€Å"I have to write my blog,† on my brain all weekend. But an early deadline has its challenges too. I have one more thing to fit into my work week, and pressure to think of something in what seems like less time. Procrastination Defined Procrastination, says Wikipedia, is â€Å"the practice of carrying out less urgent tasks in preference to more urgent ones, or doing more pleasurable things in place of less pleasurable ones, and thus putting off impending tasks to a later time, sometimes to the ‘last minute’ before a deadline.† This form of procrastination can be destructive. People can get fired because they put important projects off until the last minute, often compromising quality- or missing deadlines altogether. But what about procrastinating on making decisions (and I don’t mean using the excuse â€Å"I’m still deciding the best way to proceed† to avoid starting a project!)? Whose Decision is it Anyway? As I shared in last week’s newsletter, I recently thought for too long about whether to sign up for coveted Forrest Yoga classes with the founder of the discipline, Ana Forrest, who was visiting Chicago. I noticed, while blithely  putting off  this decision, that there was something appealing about letting others make decisions for me. In this case, by the time I decided on purchasing the tickets, they were gone. I was forced to come up with Plan B, which was, ultimately, okay with me. My decision-making procrastination transferred to the decision of whether to fly to Portland for a week to check out the yoga scene there and to explore the area. I looked for friends to stay with before buying the ticket; that didn’t work. I almost let that make my decision for me, but persevered, finding an Airbnb spot that was perfectly situated. Then I decided if I couldn’t get my ticket for less than 50,000 miles I wouldn’t go. But the ticket stayed within my budget. So finally I booked my room and a rental car and hit â€Å"Purchase† on my plane ticket. Immediately fear set in. What was I doing? Why was I going to new city by myself with no real plan? Maybe I’d have a horrible time. Oh my, no wonder I took so long to make this decision. There was terror behind my procrastination. Putting the Pro in Procrastination I did not let my fear stop me, and by the first day I was enjoying a beautiful hike by some waterfalls and eating a delicious crepe at the Portland Farmer’s Market. I met two business contacts for very fruitful coffees and lunches (those I did plan a little bit ahead). But pretty much everything I did on my trip I decided to do at the last minute. Breitenbush Hot Springs is notoriously full at this time of year, but I called Thursday and got the last bed  available for the next night! I also managed to get an appointment with a bodyworker in Portland  10 minutes after I called to ask about availability. As a traveler, there’s not much difference between procrastination and spontaneity. Last-minute choices allow for a sense of adventure, which I truly enjoy when I’m on â€Å"vacation.† I ended up doing many things I would not have predicted because I did not plan ahead for every moment in Portland. To be sure, deciding things at the last minute requires a willingness to accept the consequences if things don’t work out as planned. I don’t recommend this tactic when other people (like your assistant) are depending on you, or when the consequences of letting circumstances make decisions for you are unacceptable. But when all that’s on the line is exactly what you’ll be doing for fun and adventure, why not go with the flow?

Formal Language Tests. The Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language Essay

Formal Language Tests. The Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language - Essay Example The CASL can be used on children as old as 3 and adults up to the ages of 21. It is mostly through the use of CASL that you get a clear picture of an individual’s language processing skills and his structural understanding thereby proving to be a useful tool for documenting development of an individual from a very early age all the way to his post secondary years. It also applies to a person with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) set up guidelines used for recognizing language impairment mostly because the CASL functions solely on age-based norms. The CASL consists of 15 tests all of which aim to effectively measure one’s language processing skills; these focusing primarily on comprehension, expression and retrieval. The structure is measured by division into four language categories; these being†Semantic or Lexical, Syntactic, Superliguistic and Pragmatic† (Carrow-Woolfolk, 1999).... is such that the most representative aspects of the language categories fall into the core measures whereas the supplementary aspect concentrates on providing additional information that aids in quantitative and qualitative evaluation. Also it is imperative to mention that for most CASL tests there are Descriptive Analysis Worksheets provided which enable an individual to focus on specific skill aspects for intervention. The Test Books that are provided are not only easy to use but aid the administration by serving as a fast and simple reference. The initial part of the book focuses on providing administration guidelines whereas the rest of it focuses on convenient record forms, which are for a range of ages (3-6 and 7–21). The sole purpose of the book is to provide ample room for an analysis for profiling, responses towards items, different scores and behavioral observations. The Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS; Carrow-Woolfolk, 1996) is different from a CASL in the wa y it is a theoretically based measure which is applied individually and aims to measure receptive and expressive language for little children as well as adults. It is a test that is administered using oral as well as written components for ages 3 to 21 years, however the written expression is mainly for ages 5 to 21. The test takes about 20 minutes to administer, and along with its overall score, the OWLS Written Expression gives percentages for nine special skills areas that are divided into three main planes; ‘Listening Comprehension ( LC), Oral Expression (OE), and Written Expression (WE)† (Carrow-Woolfolk, 1996, p. 33). While these scales are developed and form a part of the same evaluation, the oral language component, that is LC and OE, are put together in the same manual while the

Biology 206 U3IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biology 206 U3IP - Research Paper Example The last codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA, signal the STOP, the conclusion of the translation (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2000). What meaning do these mRNA codons have for protein synthesis? Explanation: Messenger RNA are the carriers of information. They form them into groups of 3 words, which identify specific amino acids that can then create a protein chain (Clancy & Brown , 2008). Did the two mutations result in a change in the final proteins? If so, describe the change. Response/ explanation: Yes, in the first mutation, eliminated the glycine and included an extra element of arginine. The second mutation was drastically different from the first. Glycine has returned, along with asparagines, but the other three positions have taken by three different sequences that are not reflective of the first sequence. In general, why might a change in amino acid sequence affect protein function? Explanation: Even a single change in amino acid sequences can affect the proteins ab ility to function. For example, the disease sickle cell anemia is caused by the change in only a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence can cause deformation in the red blood cells that can prevent it from carrying oxygen efficiently or successfully (Carter, 2004). Part II Punnett Square a. Chances (%) for healthy child, not a carrier b. Chances (%) for child that is carrier for cystic fibrosis trait c. Chances (%) for child with cystic fibrosis Fill out/adapt Punnett Square: __C____ __c___ ___C___ CC Cc ___c___ Cc cc a. Chances (%) for healthy child, not a carrier: 25% b. % for child that is carrier for cystic fibrosis trait: 50% c. % for child with cystic fibrosis: 25% Part III: Essay How do both meiosis and sexual reproduction (fertilization) produce offspring that differ genetically from the parents? Include steps in meiosis that increase variability Include the process of fertilization. Explanation: Meiosis, in a basic definition is the process of cell division that lessens the number of chromosomes in the reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, which allows for the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants. Meiosis involves 2 steps, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, which then breaks into a number of phases, including interphase, metaphase, and telephase. Meiosis provides three specific mechanisms allowing for the diversifying of the genomes of offspring. Crossing Over, which occurs during meiosis when two chromosomes will pair up and exchange segments, with non-sister, cells, of their genetic materials. This allows for greater diversity to exist. Next is Random Assortment, basically, this process occurs when the when the â€Å"orientation† of the maternal and paternal homologues, within the first portion of the meiosis I, is genuinely random. Traits can be traded at randomly. The possible result of random assortment in humans can, more than, 8,000,000, potential, combinations (Chowdhury, Bois, Feingold,, Sherman & Cheung, 2009). Fertilizat ion, with the reduction of chromosomes it allows for the â€Å"

Contract Law Part 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contract Law Part 1 - Essay Example Initially, it was not given much recognition by the courts. It was left to Lord Denning to assess its significance and reintroduce it in Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd. In this case the plaintiffs had leased out a number of apartments to the defendants. Thereupon, the World War had commenced. Consequently, the occupancy of these apartments reduced drastically. The defendants requested the plaintiffs and obtained a reduction in the lease amount. Afterwards, the World War came to an end and all the apartments were occupied. At this juncture, the plaintiffs demanded the originally agreed upon lease amount, for the period when the World War had been in progress. Lord Denning ruled that this was inequitable, because this would require the defendants to pay the full amount even though the apartments had been vacant2. Therefore, the plaintiffs were made subject to a promissory estoppel. It was held by the Court of Appeal in Williams v Roffey that where a party to an existing contract later agrees to pay an extra bonus in order to ensure that the other party performs his obligations under the contract, then that agreement is binding if the party agreeing to pay the bonus has thereby obtained some new practical advantage or has avoided a disadvantage. It was also held that executing an existing contractual obligation constitutes valid consideration, because it prevents the breaching of a contract with a third party3. Moreover, in CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v. Gallaher Ltd, it was decided that the practical benefit accruing to the promisor must be treated as consideration for extra payment4. In Central London Property Trust Ltd V. High Trees House Ltd, rent was reduced during World War II, as per the new agreement. After, the war was over, the landlord attempted to invoke the original contract, in order to obtain higher rent. The tenants invoked the principle of estoppel against the landlord and prevented him from enhancing the rent. In

Effect of the Energy Crisis on Pakistans Economy

Effect of the Energy Crisis on Pakistans Economy JAWAD KHAN Introduction: Energy crisis is defined as price rise of the energy resources or a great shortfall in the supply of the resources of energy. Usually it is referred to shortage of electricity, oil, natural gas, and other natural resources. Where the globalization has changed the world entirely, it emerged many issues but energy received significant attention from researchers. The demand for energy is increasing rapidly in this globalizing world with respect to supply; resultantly crisis for energy has emerged. Most of the countries are facing shortage of energy and consequently it is severely affecting the economic growth and social transformation. There are numerous views and ideas that potentially make linkage between energy and economic growth. Energy is considered as a backbone of any economy and plays an important role in the socio-economic development of a country. If there is not sufficient energy, industrialization will not take place, it is crucial for running industries and output units, f or residual and commercial use and for transportation, etc. As expansion in energy is expected to result higher growth similarly its shortage may hold back the growth process. In short, economy is vital for running all the resources and energy crisis directly influence all the sectors of economy such as agriculture sector, industrial sector, unemployment, poverty, lower GDP and higher inflation. Unfortunately, Pakistan is facing worst energy crisis in its history. Like other developing countries Pakistan is also an energy intensive growing economy, and as in most other non-oil producing countries its energy needs are met by large quantities of imports. Pakistan energy’s infrastructure is not well developed and said to be managed poorly. Despite of population growth, economic growth and increased demand during the past decades, no serious efforts were made for the generation of energy. Moreover electricity theft and transmission losses due to outdated infrastructure have worse ned the situation. Objective: The main objective of the study is to find out the extent of energy crisis impact on economic growth of Pakistan. Literature Review: Global Perspective: Article 1: For India and Indonesia, unidirectional Granger causality is found in the short run, while for Thailand and Philippines there is bidirectional causality that runs from energy to income. Energy, income and prices were mutually casual for Thailand and Philippines. (Asafu-Adjaye, 2000). Article 2: There is positive impact on economic growth by electricity consumption and bidirectional causality is found between electricity consumption and economic growth. It shows that greater electricity consumption leads to higher economic growth and similarly higher economic growth raise electricity consumption (Bayar, 2014). Article 3: Using error correction model and Granger non-causality tests, empirical results shows that in Pakistan case there runs unidirectional Grangers causality from coal to GDP, GDP to total energy consumption GDP to electricity consumption. In case of Bangladesh and Sri lanka, unidirectional causality runs from GDP to electricity consumption, there is causal direction from petroleum to GDP in case of Nepal. While no causality was found in case of India (Asghar, 2008). Article 4: Using integration tests on the panel data for ten Latin American countries, results show that for all the countries taken in sample, bidirectional causality exist between energy consumption and GDP. For further studies human capital, physical capital and labor can be included in variables as these are also important factors (Campo Sarmiento, 2013). Article 5: Applying various tests on panel data of Pakistan, India, Sri lanka, Bangladesh and Nepal, in short-run there is unidirectional causality that runs from GDP per capita to energy consumption per capita, while in long-run, there is negative relationship between these two (Noor Siddiqi, 2010). Article 6: There is causality found from energy consumption to GDP and GDP to energy consumption but it is found more extensively in developed OECD countries in compare to the developing non-OECD countries. It shows that impact of electricity consumption on GDP for developed countries is greater than developing countries of the world (Chontanawat, Hunt, Pierse, 2006). Article 7: Analysis indicates that energy consumption and GDP co integrate with each other. Scarcity of energy is a big constraint for the growth of an economy but when there is plentiful energy then it effects on economy is lessen (Stern D. I., 2010). Article 8: In short-run, energy consumption and GDP, and energy consumption and exports are co-integrated with each other. It shows that any crisis in energy will result in trade reduction which in turn will affect the GDP growth (Shakeel, Iqbal, Majeed, 2013). Article 9: Applying test on over 90 countries divided into 4 income groups, Ganger causality run from GDP to energy consumption in long run for high and low income groups, while bidirectional Gangers causality between GDP and energy consumption for lower middle and upper middle groups. While consistently there is a strong relationship for the sample countries between energy consumption and economic growth (Farhani Rejeb, 2012). Article 10: Taking 23 countries into sample and applying dynamic panel data GMM-system, there is unidirectional causality that runs from GDP per capita to energy consumption (Nayan, Kadir, Ahmad, Abdullah, 2013). Article 11: Co-integration for the real output, energy, capital and labor is found using bound test. The results prove causality from energy consumption to GDP for all the countries in both short-term long-run. This means economy of each country is dependent on energy and energy crisis will definitely result in reduction of economic growth (Muhammad Arshad Khan, 2007). From Developed Countries Perspective: Article 12: Granger causality test and co-integration analysis shows that energy consumption is strongly linked with economic activities as well as economic growth. Energy required to produce a GNP unit can be reduced by shifting to high quality of energy (Stern D. I., 2003). Article 13: Taking GDP and energy consumption as variables for France and applying VEC along geo-statistical methods, there is long-run unidirectional causality flow from energy consumption to economic growth (Amiri Zibaei, 2012). Article 14: Positive relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was found for Turkey from 1960-2008. This relationship over the past few years has strengthened which means economy dependency on energy (especially oil) has increased (Saatci Dumrul, 2013). Article 15: For Turkey, there is bidirectional causality between energy production and economic growth, which means increase in energy production will increase economic growth and same way around. Also bidirectional relationship between energy import and economic growth exists which means increase of energy amount to be imported will increase the economic activity and growth (Ozkan, Ãâ€"zkan, Kuyuk, 2012). Article 16: Johansen-Juselius co-integration methodology and Vector Error Correction Modeling results indicate a unidirectional causality that run from energy consumption to GDP. Thus any kind of possible short-fall in energy may affect the process of economic growth of Turkey (Soytas, Sari, Ozdemir, 2001). From Developing Countries Perspective: Article 17: For Malaysia, taking energy consumption as dependent variable and GDP, financial development, population as independent variables, results shows that economic growth and financial development influence energy consumption in short-run as well as long-run. Energy consumption is also influenced by population in long-run (Islam, Shahbaz, Ahmed, Alam, 2013). Article 18: Time series data from 1954 to 1997 for Taiwan, bidirectional causality is found between total energy consumption (coal, oil, natural gas and electricity) and economic growth (YangU, 2000). Article 19: For China, no co-integration was found between GDP and energy consumption by Johansen co-integration test while using Hsiao’s Granger causality there is bidirectional relationship between energy consumption and economic growth (Hou, 2009). Article 20: Studying the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth for Tunisia during 1971-2007, bivariate vector auto-regression structure show existence of unidirectional causality is found from electricity consumption to economic growth (Chouaibi Abdasalem, 2009). Article 21: When examined with VECM and Johansen co-integration estimation, results shows unidirectional causality that runs from energy consumption to GDP while in long-run, feedback relationship exists between them. So for Tunisia, energy limits the economic growth. So any shocks to energy supply will badly effect the economic growth (Belloumi, 2009). Article 22: The analysis shows that real GDP is significantly impacted by the present as well as past changes in the supply of electricity. For every 1MWh increase in supply of electricity there is an extra output of Rs.88000-137000 (Morimoto Hope, 2001). From Under-developing Countries Perspective: Article 23: In the economy of Nigeria, there is a positive and strong relationship between national income and energy use. Ganger causality results bidirectional relationship between manufacturing capacity utilization energy consumption (Kabir, Zaku, A.A.Tukur, J.G, 2013). Article 24: For the period under study, results support that the Vietnam’s economic growth is not limited by the energy consumption. With increase in economic growth demand for energy use increases but not vice versa (Binh, 2011). From Pakistan Perspective: Article 25: In Pakistan, increase in energy supply will increase the economic growth while any crisis in energy supply will lead to barrier in economic growth. The impact of petroleum products and electricity is significantly high (Siddiqui, 2004). Article 26: Applying co-integration and Hsiao’s version of Granger causality on time series data from 1956 to 1996, results shows higher electricity consumption leads to economic growth while there is no feedback relationship. Increase and decrease in petroleum consumption does not affect economic growth but economic growth causes petroleum use. And there is no co-integration between gas consumption and economic growth (Aqeel butt, 2001). Article 27: In industries, cost of production may increase due to any shocks in the energy supply but investment in capital stock is not affected by these energy shocks (Mahmud, 2000). Article 28: With model of non-linear relationship, real output is negative affected by the change in prices of crude oil no matter these changes or less or more than the critical price of crude oil. Subsidies on electricity should be provided by the government (Kiani, 2011). Article 29: Electricity consumption and economic growth are in a long-run equilibrium relationship, electricity consumption do not leads to economic growth but economic growth leads to electricity consumption, as analyzed by Granger causality test with ARDL bounds testing approach (Shahbaz Feridun, 2011). Article 30: For GDP and oil consumption, and electricity and GDP there is a unidirectional relationship while in case of gas and GDP neutrality relationship is proved. Demand for oil consumption will increase by any future growth in agriculture sector (Mushtaq, Abbas, Abedullah, Ghafoor, 2007). Article 31: From 2007 to 2009 (post energy crisis period) performance is declined by the industries of textile, cement and engineering while during the same period the industries of sugar and chemical remain consistent. To save the industries, government of Pakistan should focus on energy sector (Khurshid Anwar, 2013). Article 32: A long-run relationship exists between electricity consumption and GDP. There is a unidirectional causality that runs from electricity use to economic growth; this means that any possible energy crisis may retard the process of economic growth in Pakistan. Government needs to invest in energy infrastructure in order to support economic growth (Yasmin, Javid, Ashraf, 2013). Article 33: Horizontal analysis of the major ratios of textile industry results that as compared to pre energy crisis period, the performance of textile industry is badly affected in post energy crisis period (Shah, Essrani, Shah, Rahat, 2013). Article 34: Analysis through multiple linear regression analysis of independent variables; electricity use and interest rate, shows that there is negative relationship between output of textile industry and energy use, and also out of textile industry and interest rate. Government should take serious actions for the survival of industries (Afzal, 2012). Article 35: From GDP to energy consumption there is one way causality resulted from Granger causality test while positive relationship also exists between them while tested by ordinary least squares method. GDP increases by 1.23% for 1% increase in energy consumption (Ahmad, Hayat, Hamad, Luqman, 2012). Article 36: Johansen co-integration test and VECM confirms that there is positive relationship between energy consumption and industrial output, bidirectional causality for oil consumption, unidirectional causality from electricity use to industrial output and from industrial output to coal consumption, while for gas consumption no causality exist (Qazi, Ahmed, Mudassar, 2012). Article 37: Using tools as Ganger causality tests, statistical analysis, correlation analysis, shows that GDP of Pakistan depend on energy consumption which include all forms i.e. electricity, oil, gas, coal. For trade there is unidirectional causality found from GDP to trade openness which means growth in GDP promotes trade openness (Chaudhry, Safdar, Farooq, 2012). Article 38: Any rise in prices of energy will affect the economic growth. As prices rises, manufacturers will either improve the quality standards or cut off the labor in order to survive in the market (Rashid, Azeem, Ramzan, 2012). Article 39: Bound testing approach to co-integration and Ganger causality test results bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy consumption in short-run, while unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption in long-run. Frequent changes in energy price also impact economic growth (Adnan Riaz, 2008). Article 40: By applying Structural Vector Auto-regression, results reveal that economic growth increases the demand for labor force, capital stock and energy consumption. Pakistan government needs to supply energy at affordable prices to facilitate growth in economic activities (Zeshan Vaqar, 2013).

Courts Essays -- essays research papers

The jurisdiction of the federal courts is defined in Article III, Section 2, of the Constitution, as extending in law and equity to all cases arising under the Constitution and federal legislation; to controversies to which the U.S. shall be a party, including those arising from treaties with other governments; to admiralty and maritime cases; to controversies between states; to controversies between a state, or its citizens, and foreign governments or their subjects; and to controversies between the citizens of one state and citizens of another state. The federal courts were also originally invested with jurisdiction over controversies between citizens of one state and the government of another state; the 11th Amendment (ratified February 7, 1795), however, removed from federal jurisdiction those cases in which the citizens of one state were plaintiffs and the government of another state was the defendant. The amendment did not disturb the jurisdiction of the federal courts in case s in which a state government is a plaintiff and a citizen of another state, the defendant. Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction in patent and copyright cases; and by congressional enactment in 1898, federal courts were vested with original jurisdiction in bankruptcy cases. The courts established under the powers granted by Article III, Sections 1 and 2, of the Constitution are known as constitutional courts. Judges of constitutional courts are appointed for life by the president with the approval of the Senate. These courts are the district courts, tribunals of general original jurisdiction; the courts of appeals (before 1948, circuit courts of appeals), exercising appellate jurisdiction over the district courts; and the Supreme Court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A district court functions in each of the more than 90 federal judicial districts and in the District of Columbia. A court of appeals functions in each of the 11 federal judicial circuits and in the District of Columbia; there is also a more specialized court with nationwide jurisdiction known as the court of appeals for the federal circuit. The federal district court and the court of appeals of the District of Columbia perform functions discharged in the states by state courts. All lower federal cour ts operate under uniform rules of procedure promulgated by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court is the highest ap... ...tes, the same courts of original jurisdiction deal with both civil and criminal cases; these courts usually have two levels, one handling misdemeanors and civil claims under $5000, the other handling felonies and civil claims over $5000. Between the lower courts and the supreme appellate courts, in a number of states, are intermediate appellate courts which, like the federal courts of appeals, provide speedier justice for litigants by disposing of a large number of cases that otherwise would be added to the overcrowded calendars of the higher courts. Courts of last resort, the highest appellate tribunals of the states in criminal and civil cases and in law and equity, are generally called supreme courts. In New York state, however, the Supreme Court is a trial court; the highest appellate court of New York, as well as of Maryland, is called the Court of Appeals. The state court systems also include a number of minor courts with limited jurisdiction. These courts dispose of minor offenses and relatively small civil actions. Included in this classification are police and municipal courts in cities and larger towns and the courts presided over by justices of the peace in rural areas.

To What Extent Did Lenin Establish Communism in Russia Fro 1920-1924?

To what extent did Lenin establish Communism in Russia from 1920-1924? From an early age, Lenin opposed the Romanov autocratic regime, even more so following the execution of his brother for the assassination of Tsar Alexander III. Lenin was an avid follower of the writings of Karl Marx and believed communism was the way forward. He believed that everything should be owned by the government and then distributed evenly amongst the people. During the February 1917 revolution in Russia, Lenin was in exile. He knew his right-hand man Trotsky would tell him when the time was right to come back to Russia.The end of the February Revolution led to the end of the Romanov dynasty and to the Provisional Government under Lvov and Kerensky. It also meant the return of Lenin. By October 1917, he felt the time was right for a Bolshevik revolution. It was relatively bloodless and Lenin assumed the responsibility of governing Russia. Between 1920 and 1924, Lenin and the Bolsheviks attempted to shape the destiny of Russia and establish communism. He said, ‘’History will never forgive us if we do not assume power now’’.Having taking over Russia, Lenin now had the challenge of holding on to power. The first thing he did was put a decree on land. This meant that peasants were allowed take over private land. Therefore, landlords weren’t very happy about this. He also abolished the Assembly. Lenin believed in a one party dictatorship and this step was necessary for it to happen. It was at this time that the Bolsheviks became known as Communists. In an attempt to make all people equal, everyone was to be addressed at ‘’Comrade’’. Lenin’s next step now was to make peace.The slogan of the Communists was ‘’Peace, bread, land’’. From fighting in World War I, Russia was on the verge of bankruptcy. Lenin knew something had to be done. The Russians were losing battle after battle and the country co uldn’t take any more of it. Also, the army was in disarray. Soldiers were losing heart and most of them were killed. Lenin realised this had to be stopped. He was pragmatic and knew the country couldn’t take it much longer. Therefore, Lenin signed a peace agreement with Germany. This was known as the Brest-Litovsk Treaty or The Shameful Treaty.Although it obtained peace in Russia, it involved in the country losing a quarter of its land and population, eighty per cent of its coal mines and thirty three per cent of it farming land and manufacturing industry. Lenin insisted the survival of the communist regime depended on it! Lenin however was faced with opposition, collectively known as the ‘’Whites’’. These included a disarray of groups such as social revolutionaries, supporters of the Provisional Government, landlords, tsarist supporters and many more. This gave rise to a civil war in Russia. The war was the ‘’Reds’â€℠¢ vs. he ‘’Whites’’. The Reds had many more advantages than the Whites. The Red Army were under Trotsky, a very skilled military tactician. The Reds were being attacked from every direction by the Whites with the help of the Allied Powers. However, the Reds greatest threat was Pilsudski and his Polish army. This was the only battle were Lenin had peace negotiations and were he lost some of Russian territory. As time passed, Allied support lessened. This was a big disadvantage for the Whites. The Reds had another advantage over the Whites, they were more united.The Whites had many different groups who wanted and fought for different things so it didn’t work in their favour. One further advantage for the Reds was that they were located in central Russia, which was capable of being defended. This ended in victory for the Reds. During the civil war, Lenin took control of economic and political problems. He followed a policy of War Communism. This policy saw Lenin ensure that all industry and agriculture within the Communist –controlled territory was geared solely towards the war effort.All of the surplus crops that were grown by the farmers were requisitioned by the government and distributed between the workers and soldiers. Food detachments were sent to the countryside to get the food. This was very unpopular with the farmers. They began to cut back in grain production so eventually, Russia experienced a famine. An estimation of between five and seven million people died due to hunger. The Red Terror was set up by the Cheka. The Cheka were a secret police force set up to arrest and execute people who they believed opposed Lenin and the Communists.Any opposition to Lenin was dealt with legalised acts of brutality. It was a systematic terror designed to ensure the continuation of Communist rule. The Kronstadt Rising gave the Cheka a great opportunity to put down the revolt. The naval soldiers that were involved were brutall y treated and were easily defeated. Following the end of the Civil War, Lenin knew that change needed to be made. He ended War Communism and brought in the New Economic Policy. There was serious discontent which undermined support for Communism.The NEP ended the requisition of food from the peasants, peasants were now allowed to sell their surplus for profit and private enterprise was allowed in small factories. Although many of these terms were contrary to Communist beliefs, Lenin said that ‘’we must take a step backwards in order to go two steps forward at a later date’’. Although Lenin did not live to see the full effects of the New Economic Policy, he had a great effect on the Russians and established the first ever Communist state. Lenin took many steps in order for Russia to become a Communist state.

A Case Study of Arvind Mills

A case study on Arvind Mills Ltd Supply Chain A very distinct feature of Arvind Mills Ltd is the fact that its brands work across multiple channels, price points and customer segments. These are brands that are distinctive and relevant across diverse customer segments. Some of the brands under Arvind Mills are: Wrangler, Excalibur, Flying Machine, Newport, Ruf & Tuf, Arrow, Izod etc and its customers include Levis, Lee, Tommy Hilfiger etc.The supply network finally reaches the customer touch points through over 275 stand alone brand stores across the country and more than 975 counters selling multi brand retail outlets an key accounts across India. Arvind Mills Ltd is one of the largest denim manufacturers in the world and has configured its supply chain based on â€Å"push† system. Under normal operating conditions, Arvind manufactures denim â€Å"sorts† based on monthly forecast to stock at various warehouses.As Arvind Mills â€Å"pushes† its products (sorts) t o ware-houses, actual selling takes place on an ongoing basis with the â€Å"sold sorts† are being replaced subsequently. The â€Å"Push† system operates under the â€Å"make-to-stock† environment. While the system has worked efficiently at Arvind for years it becomes difficult for a company to follow the same where a high demand fluctuation exists. A Push-based supply chain accumulates excessive inventory (â€Å"cycle stock† and â€Å"work-in-process†) by the time it responds to the changing demand.In addition, since long-term forecast plays an important role, it is difficult to match supply with variable demand. â€Å"Push† supply chain also entails larger production batches, incompatible for catering demand of short quantity. Another interesting feature of the supply chain is the intense reach Arvind Mills is targeting. With increasing disposable income available in the rural areas as well, the company is trying to make shirts at affordab le rates available at grocery stores and petrol pumps. It has also started selling shirt bits instead of multi meter long rolls which once dominated the retail shelves.

Cuba, Battleground of Opposing Views essays

Cuba, Battleground of Opposing Views essays The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was one of the turning points of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. At that time the two superpowers came closest to war than they had ever been, most likely with nuclear weapons. The actual crisis started when on October 14th 1962, a U-2 airplane brought back pictures of medium-range missile bases that were under construction around San Cristobal, on the west of the island. What followed was a face-off between the leaders of the two superpowers, U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Kennedy reacted to the missile threat by imposing a naval blockade on Cub, preventing further missile deployment. The American blockade came into place on the morning of October 24th. With several Soviet ships approaching the blockade, there was great fear that if a ship did not halt, the U.S. battleships would have to be forced to fire and by doing this unleashing a nuclear war. Luckily the ships did stop or turn around. Matters got hectic once more when on October 27th an American U-2 was shot down by a SAM missile over Cuba and its pilot killed. Another American reconnaissance plane was hit by Cuban anti-aircraft guns, but it managed to fly home. If this plane had been shot down as well, the U.S. would probably have retaliated. But in the end neither leader wanted to engage in a nuclear war and a treaty was negotiated. This treaty stated that the Soviets would withdraw their missiles from Cuba if the Americans pledged not to invade Cuba. Part of the deal was also the removal of Soviet bombers from Cuba and the removal of the Jupiters from Turkey although not within any public deal. A potentially disastrous conflict was averted. In this paper I will try to explain what caused the Cuban Missile Crisis and why it was prevented. To do this I need to look at both Kennedys and Khrushchevs foreign policies. The task in our block book is entitled ...